Index of Canadian Artists
(Visual
Arts)
Répertoire des artistes
canadiens (Arts visuels)
Par / By François Lareau et avec l'aide de /
with
the assistance of Gisèle Lareau
© Gisèle Lareau et/and François Lareau,
Ottawa,
1998-,
flareau@rogers.com
Oad, Jan, 1889-, (McKendry; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oakley, Fred, fl 1963-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oakley, George, 1793-1869, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Obed, Jesse Clayton, 1878-1932, (Folk Artists)
Obergfell, Richard, 1921-1971, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oberheide, Heidi, 1943-, (McKendry; Tippett; Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection)
Oberne, Marjorie Mary Borden, 1911-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Obomsawin, Alanis, filmmaker/cinéaste (Governor General's Awards
in Visual and Media Arts -- 2001)
Obreau, Gabrielle, 1917-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, D.C., fl 1846-62, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Hazel, fl 1960s, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Henry Higgins Donatus, 1801-1868, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'brien, J.Leonard, 1895-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, John, 1831/2-1891, (Newlands; McKendry; Reid;
Harper; Hubbard; Lord;
------Nova Scotia; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Lucius Richard (Robert Lucius), 1832-1899, (Newlands;
McKendry; Reid;
Boulizon;
Harper;
University of Guelph;
------Hubbard; Robert 78; Art Gallery of Ontario; Lord; Giles; McMaster
University; Fine Arts in Canada; Nova Scotia;
------Queen's University; Canadian Drawings; Paysagistes; Robert 64;
Glenbow-Alberta Institue; Art Gallery of Hamilton;
------Development of Painting in Canada: 1665-1945; Toronto in Art; Painters in a New Land; Art
Auctions
1976-1978;
------Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Mary Elizabeth, 1956-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Mary Margaret, 1905-, (Folk Artists)
O'Brien, Michael David Joseph, 1948-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Sylvia B., 1952-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Brien, Paddy, 1929-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
OBrotza, Lydia, 1939-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Byrne, Maureen,. (L'estampe à Québec)
Ocampo, Alvaro, (Collectionneur 90, vol. VII, # 28, p. 64)
Ochs, Peter Paul, 1931-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Connor, Harold, 1868-1909 (Art Auctions
1976-1978)
O'Connor, Harry, 1892-1963, carver, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Connor, Patrick, c1890-1960), (Folk Artists)
Odds (Collection
des livres d'artistes de la
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Oddy, Allan Colman, 1923-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Odell, G.K. (Canadian War Posters)
O'Dette, John Herbert, 1920-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Odjig, Daphne, 1919-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts;
McKendry;
Reid; Thunder Bay Art Gallery
------Tippett; Balkind; McMichael Canadian Art Collection; Newlands;
Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection;
------Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts -- 2007;
Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Donnell, Daphne Lee, fl 1971-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Donnell, Joanne, 1957-, (Vallée 93)
O'Donnell, Paul, c1940-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oelschteger, Gustavus, c1833, fl 1860 (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oesterle, Leonhard, 1915-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Robert 64;
Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Flynn, Claudia, 1938-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogden, Frederick D., (Art Auctions
1976-1978)
Ogden, Henry Alexander (Harry), 1856-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogilvie, Jessie Aird, 1908-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogilvie, Willa Margaret, 1933-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogilvie, William (Will) Abernethy, 1901-1989, (McKendry; Reid; Harper;
Hubbard; Hill; Art
------Gallery of Ontario; Firestone Art Collection; Duval; Morris;
Canada at War; University of Guelph;
------Canvas of War; Carleton; Art Gallery of Hamilton; The Canadian
Society of Painters in Water Colour;
------Creative
Canada, 1972; History of Art in Toronto Schools; Duval 1952; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau;
------Art Auctions
1976-1978; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogilvy, Carol Code, fl 1957+, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogilvy, Isabella Ewan Laurie, 1863, fl 1936, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Gorman, Mabel, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ogyallay-Morell, Egon, 1924-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Hagan, Duane (The Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour;
Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection)
O'Hagan, Shawn, (Smart)
O'Hanlon, Harry, 1915-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Hara, James Frederick, 1904-1980, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Hara, Pat, fl 1970s, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ohashi, William Ken, 1934-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ohe, Kathie/Katie, 1937-, (Newlands; Shell Canada Collection; Toronto
Dominion
Bank
Collection;
-----Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Henly, John Donald, 1923-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ohi, Ruth, 1964-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ohlmacher, Peter, 1937-, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Ohotok (Art Auctions
1976-1978)
Ohovelok, 1935-, (McMaster University)
Ohoveluk, Mona, 1935-, (Carleton)
Oingunn, Nutararjuk, (We don't live in snow houses now)
Oille, Lucille, 1912-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oinonen, Anders (RBC Canadian
Painting Competition)
Ojeda, Cenorina, 1957-, (Vallée 89; Vallée 93); note: on
1 June 2011, Cenorina, here in Canada I am known as Nina Ojeda or
NinaOhman
O'Keeffe, Judith, Vancouver, fl 1970-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada; Roundstone Council for the Arts 2;
Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection)
Okey, Ronald N., 1921-, (Art Auctions
1976-1978; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Okheena, Mary, 1955-, (Carleton)
Okittuq, Maudie Rachel, (Seidelman)
Okituk (Ohaituk), Caroline, carver (Art Auctions
1976-1978)
Okkarlik, John (Winnipeg Art Gallery)
Oktay (Ergenkon), 1939-, (Vallée 89; Vallée 93)
Olafson, Linda, 1922-, (Balkind)
Olariu, Octavian (Sculpture)
Olasson, B., fl 1885, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olbrich, Jürgen O. (Collection
des livres d'artistes de la
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Oldricj, Robert (Bob), 1920-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olechowski, Marck, 1942-, (Vallée 93)
Olesen, Muriel (Collection
des livres d'artistes de la
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Olesko-Ferworn, Alexander, 1917-, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Olitski, Jules, 1922-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oliver, Bobbie, 1943-, (McKendry; Abstract Painting; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oliver, Craig, 1949-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oliver, John, 1897/8-, fl 1863, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olivier, Marc-Antoine, dit Le Picard, connu entre 1688 et 1696,
silversmith/orfèvre (Silver in New France; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Olivier, Mireille, née en Haïti, (Roussan 2001)
Olivier, Stéphane (en duo avec Edwin, Gilles) (Collection
des livres d'artistes de la
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Olivier, Suzanne, 1943-, (Vallée 89; Vallée 83;
Robert 83; Boulizon; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olney, Georges L., 1931-, (Vallée 93; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olsansky, Klement, 1909-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olsen, Andreas, fl 1967-, 9Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olson, Gary, 1946-, (Burnett; Canadian Drawings; Alberta artists;
Roundstone Council for the Arts 2; Carleton; Shell
------Canada Collection; Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olson, Jeff, 1946-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts 2; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olsson, Roger-John, 1928-, (Roussan 98)
Oltean, Eleanor June Lloyd , 1924-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Olthuis, Stanley Lorne, 1951-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Malley, Patricia, 1960, née à Waterville (L'Estrie, ses trésors)
Oman, Nelda, 1948-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ommundsen, Arlene, fabric artist (Artisan)
Ondaatje, Kim (Betty Jane Kimbark Jones Ondaaje), 1928-, (Lord;
McKendry;
Reid, Tippett; Carleton;
------Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection; Toronto in
Art; Governor General's Awards in Visual and Media Arts -- 2009;
------Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Neil, Bruce, 1942-, (Burnett; Alberta artists; Shell Canada
Collection; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Neil, Guy, 1941-, (Bruens 90)
O'Neill, Dan, (L'estampe à Québec)
O'Neill, Helen, fl 1958, died in 1977, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ongman, Marlene, c1933-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Onley (or Only), Norman Antonio (Anthony, Toni), 1928-2004,
(Dalhousie Art Gallery; Magazin'art, v.
11(3),
1999, pp. 53-54
------and 104-107(E); McKendry; Vallée 89; Vallée 93;
Reid, Leclerc; Art
Gallery of Ontario; MAC;
Sir George Williams University;
------Burnett; Murray; Balkin; Duval; Lord; Roundstone Council for
the Arts; Giles; University of Guelph; McMaster
------University; Queen's University; Roundstone Council for the Arts
2; années 50; Carleton; Abstract Painting; Cape Dorset;
------Shell Canada Collection; Collection Lavalin du Musée d'art
contemporain de Montréal; Vancouver:
Art and Artists 1931-1983;
-------The Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour; Toronto
Dominion
Bank
Collection; Creative Canada,
1971;
------Art Auctions
1976-1978; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Onymus, Ann (Collection Loto-Québec)
Oomen, Susan Antoinette, 1953-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oonark (Oonaaq, Una), Jessie (Una), (see also Una), 1906-1985, (Roch;
Newlands;
McKendry;
Tippett;
The People Within;
------McMichael Canadian Art Collection; National Museum of Man;
Winnipeg Art Gallery; Shell Canada Collection;
------Art Auctions
1976-1978; Art Collection Catholic Conference; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oosterhoff, William Frederick Karel, 1895-, sculpt. (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oosterman, Pierre, fl 1967-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oosuaq (Oosuak, Oosuah), Barnabas, 1940-, (Roch)
Operti, Albert asper Ludwig Roccabigliera, 1852-1927, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Opie, Julian (Sculpture)
Oppenheimer, Joseph, 1876-1966, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau; Art Auctions
1976-1978; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oqallaq, (We don't live in snow houses now)
Oraf, 1948-, (Vancouver: Art and
Artists 1931-1983)
Oram, Barry Spence, 1936-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Orban, David, 1946-, shoemaker, (Craftsman)
Orbeliani, Mary, 1873-, 9Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oremba, Krystyra, 1949-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Orensanz, Marie (Collection
des livres d'artistes de la
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
O'Reilly, Yves (Collection
des livres d'artistes de la
Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Orenstein, Henry, 1918-, (Lord; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Orkney, James, 1760-1832, horloger, (L'art au Canada français; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Orleans, François-Ferdinand d'Prince-de-joinville, 1818-1900,
(Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Orlowski, Stanislaw Tadeusz, 1920-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
O'Rourke, Elizabeth, 1913-1997, née à Wilmo, Pologne,
(Vallée 89;
Vallée 93;
Bruens 90; Bruens 88; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau;
------Art Auctions
1976-1978)
Orpen, Sir William, 1878-1931, (Canvas of War)
Orr, Leo Alan, 1919-, (Art Gallery of Ontario)
Orr, Sandra, 1949-, weaver and embroiderer, (Craftsman)
Ortiz, Arthur Donald, 1925-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Orton, Ann, fl 1971-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborn, Sherard, 1822-1875, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborne, Dennis Henry, 1919-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborne, Jean, 1926-, 9Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborne, John, fl 1965-, 9Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborne, Lyndal, 1940-, (Alberta artists; Roundstone Council for the
Arts 2; L'estampe à Québec;
------Collection
numérique
d'estampes
de la Bibliothèque nationale du Québec; Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection;
------Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborne, Rosalynde Fuller, fl 1924+, (Biogracal
Indphiex
of
Artists in Canada)
Osborne, Sean (Avmor Collection)
Oscar, Arthur, fl 1967-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osgood, Ross Reverdy, 1867/74-1946, (Art Gallery of Ontario;
Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oshaweetok/Oshweetuk, 1918-, 9Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oshaweetuk (Oshooweetook), 1923-, (Art Gallery of Ontario; Eskimo
Prints; Roundstone
Council for
------the Arts; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau; Art Auctions
1976-1978; Biographical Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oshuitoq, Anirnik, 1902-1983 (Cape Dorset)
Oshuitoq, Ningeeuga, see Ningeeuga, Osshuitoq
Oshutsiaq, Omalluq, (Seidelman)
Osicka, Peter, 1950-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Toronto
Dominion
Bank
Collection; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osinczuk, Michael, 1890-, fl 1949+, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osmond, Hubert, act. 1960s-, (Folk Artists)
Ossama, Haldi, 1942-, (Vallée 93)
Osted, Hans, 1916-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ostell, John, 1813-1892, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Osterrath, Pierre, 1939-, verrier (Verriers
du Québec)
Ostiguy, Brigitte, (L'estampe à Québec; Collection
numérique
d'estampes
de la Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Ostiguy, Claire, 1940-, (L'art et le papier 6)
Ostiguy, Jean-René, 1925-, (Carleton; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ostoff, Nick (RBC Canadian Painting
Competition)
Ostrem, 1945-, (Vancouver: Art and
Artists 1931-1983)
Ostrom, Walter, 1944-, ceramist, (Dalhousie Art Gallery; Saidye
Bronfman Award
2003)
Osuitok, Ipeele, see Ipeele
Oswald, John, 1953-, media artist (Governor General's Awards in Visual
and Media Arts -- 2004)
Otani, Fumio (Sculpture)
Othot, Renée, 1955-, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Otis, Édouard, émailleur, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Otis, Manon, 1958-, (Collectionneur 96, vol. IX, # 34, pp. 48-51;
Vallée
93; Bernier)
Otis, Marie-Renée, (Robert 83)
Otis, Pierre, 1963-, (Roussan 2005)
Otis, Serge, 1938-, (Sculpture; Roussan 82; MAC; Panorama
de la sculpture; Oeuvres d'art du Ministère
------ des Travaux publics; Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
O'Toole, Michael, 1963-, (Magazin'art Biennial
Guide 2000-2001)
O'Toole, mother and son (Magazin'art, v. 12(2), 1999, pp. 57-59 and
80-82(E))
O'Toole, Nancy, 1930-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ott, Philip A., fl 1855-7, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ottean, Eleanor June, 1924-, (Saskatchewan Artists)
Ottenbrite, Philip, 1951-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Otto, Guttorn, 1919-, (History of Art in Toronto Schools; Art
Auctions
1976-1978; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ottochie, 1904-1982, Cape Dorset (National Museum of Man; Roch;
Larmour;
McMaster University; Cape Dorset;
-----Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ottochie, Ashoona, 1942-1970, (McMaster University)
Ouchi, Eugene, 1943-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; McMaster
University; Roundstone Council for the Arts 2;
------Shell Canada Collection; Toronto Dominion
Bank
Collection; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oudemans, Michiel, 1950-, (Wood Engraving in Canada since 1945;
Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oudendag, Egbert, 1914-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ouellet, Angémil, 1936-, (Vallée 83; Vallée 89;
Vallée 93;
Bruens 88;
Bruens 90;
Robert 83; Boulizon; Lemieux 74;
------Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Ouellet, Audrey (Lemieux 78)
Ouellet, David, 1844-1915, sculpt., (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ouellet, Gérard, (L'estampe à Québec; Collection
numérique
d'estampes
de la Bibliothèque nationale du Québec)
Ouellet, Jean-Bernard, 1934-, (Vallée 93 à l'annexe)
Ouellet, Joan B., 1931-, (Bruens 90)
Ouellet, Joanne, 1958-, (Vallée 93; Magazin'art Biennial
Guide 2000-2001; Magazin'art Biennial
Guide 2002-2003;
------Collection Loto-Québec)
Ouellet, Marie-Josée, artisane du verre, (Collectionneur 96,
vol. IX, # 34, p. 76)
Ouellet, Nicole, (Magazin'art, v. 11(2), 1998, p. 40)
Ouellet, Reine, 1940-, (Vallée 89; Vallée 93;
Bruens 89)
Ouellet, Robert; 1949-, (Vallée 89; Collection
Loto-Québec)
Ouellet, Thérèse, née au Témiscouata,
(Roussan 2001)
Ouellet Genest, Chantal, 1959-, (Roussan 98)
Ouellette, Alain, c1939-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ouellette, Caroline (Collection Loto-Québec)
Ouellette, Francine, 1954-, (Magazin'art Biennial
Guide 2000-2001)
Ouellette, Gisèle L.;
Ouellette, Joan B., 1931-, (Vallée 89)
Ouellette, Johanne (Collection Loto-Québec)
Ouellette, Pierre-Marc (Avmor Collection)
Ouellon, Rolande, 1944-, (Magazin'art Biennial Guide 98-99; Magazin'art
Biennial
Guide 2002-2003)
Ouimet, Guy (Robert 78)
Ouimet, Lucie, 1954-; site
de l'artiste
Ouimet, Serge, né à
Ste-Thérèse-de-Blainville
(Magazin'art Biennial Guide 98-99)
Outhet, Rickson A., 1874-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ouvrard, Guy, 1935-, céramiste, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Ouvrard, Pierre, 1929-, relieur d'art, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Overend, William Heysham, 1851-1898, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ouy, Sovira (Collection Loto-Québec)
Ovadia, Rachel, 1949-, (L'art et le papier 5)
Ovcacik, John, 1964-, (Magazin'art Biennial
Guide 2000-2001)
Ovens, Fran Reid, Mrs, 1935-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ovens, Loree, craftperson in textiles (Cutting
Edge in Crafts)
Overfield, Richard, 1943-, (Celebration of Contemporary Canadian
Art)
Overton, Geoge, 1880-1957, (100 Years of Art in Manitoba; Winnipeg
School of Art)
Ovissi, Nasser, 1934-, (Vallée 93)
Owen, Frederick Howard, 1934-, (McKendry; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Owen, James G., fl 1873-90, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Owen, John, fl 1874-80, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Owen, Violet, 1930-, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Alberta artists;
Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Owen-Flood, Jill Patricia (Art Auctions
1976-1978)
Owens, Andrew, 1950- (Murray )
Oxborough, Dorothy Marie, 1922-, (Magazin'art, v. 13(1), 2000, p. 87
and 125(E); Art Auctions
1976-1978;
-------Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Oyukuluk, Andrew, (We don't live in snow houses now)
Ozard, Elmore George, 1914-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ozerdem, Ulker, 1926-, (Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)
Ozerednikow, Eugène, 1922-, (Artistes
plasticiens par Comeau)
Ozols, Arija, fl 1970s, (Roundstone Council for the Arts; Biographical
Index
of
Artists in Canada)